Public administration is formed in developed countries. It is not very suitable for transitional societies. Instead, development administration or management is necessary for these societies. Bureaucracy should be organized for facilitating developmental functions of both the state and private sector. This article explores the distinction between these two trends and the importance of development administration for transitional societies.

Since the evolution of Public administration as an academic and scientific discipline, different competitive approaches have come forward in this area. Public administration as a profession, a scientific field and a political process; or, public administration as an area totally distinguished from business management; and legal, political and administrative approaches towards public administration have resulted into accumulation of irrelevant theories and concepts in public administration realm, engulfing this subject into identity crisis. In order to emancipate this field from its present identity crisis various scholars of public administration have attempted to regularize and organizing the concepts and theories of this field. The present work is an investigation in theories and paradigms of public administration; and the writers have tried to study the evolutionary process of public administration from inception to its present situation. In this regard, the concepts and theories of public administration have categorized into three paradigms: Traditional Public Administration paradigm, New Public Management paradigm and finally the new paradigm of Good Governance. To be noted, in this typology, these paradigms have gradually come into being since ninetieth century in a chronicle order and after transformation, new paradigms have replaced the previous ones.

Citizens in a society are the main owners of the political system and public management. The extent of involvement in the country and public management has been different concerning the evolution trend of paradigms and theories of political sciences and public management in different time periods. The initial paradigm in public management is the same as the Technocratic and Instrumentalist traditional public administration which was based on the maximum government and the minimum involvement of citizens in public administration. Shifting from the paradigm of traditional public management to the new public management, the minimum government and citizens maximum involvement and privatization were emphasized. Beyond the new public management and moving toward the paradigm of public value management, the interaction between public management and citizen was considered concerning the ethical and institutional approach. In this paradigm, the values of citizens rights, democracy, institutionalism, serving people, involvement, social capital, and civil society have been considered more than before. Further, the realm of public power in the public value management, bureaucracy and the market has been developed to the wider domains in civil society and governance networks. In the paradigm of public value management, the power is, in nature, various and many partners from different parts of the government, businesses, and NGOs involve in creating and protecting public values.

یکی از مقالات جدید من که منتشر شد ،1,397 / 5,000Background and purpose: One of the characteristics of an organization's field of activity is becoming more competitive and as a result its instability. In many organizations, they have designed strategic planning without considering the principles of strategic control management. The strategic view has gained special importance in the field of management in the last decade. The strategy approach made the category of the environment much more colorful in the field of management. In fact, strategic management has three aspects: formulation, implementation and control, which is mostly neglected. Meanwhile, strategic planning is very suitable for turbulent and dynamic environmental conditions. In this regard, the main goal of strategic control is to develop learning and adaptability in the organization. This research tries to show the importance of strategic control, to provide definitions of the basic concepts of control, focusing on strategic control, to explain the ideas of different researchers and authors in controlling strategies and to identify the dimensions and models of strategic control.Findings: There are two general approaches (traditional and modern) regarding strategic control. The traditional approach is based on feedback and compares the actual performance with the predicted performance. While the new approach emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of the environment in order to modify and adapt strategies to new conditions.Conclusion: The management of the organization should pay special attention to the control, including the control of the content of the strategies, the control of the implementation of the strategies, and the operational control and audit, at all organizational levels.

The proliferation of new technologies in the digital landscape presents significant challenges for policymakers and scholars in public policy and administration.The rapid pace of technological development and decentralization of the digital world has resulted in a “pacing problem” between existing regulatory frameworks and the changing technological landscape. This information asymmetry gap complicates public authorities and regulatory bodies to effectively govern and regulate the latest digital revolutions. One such advancement that allows entering the 3D world is the Metaverse, which represents the important step in the evolution of the internet from a two-dimensional interaction to a three-dimensional immersive experience. Metaverse enables opportunities for alternative public services such as health, education, and infrastructure. However, it also poses privacy, data protection, interoperability, and cybersecurity risks. This research examines the digitalization of the public sector and the current regulatory gaps in the virtual universe. Besides, the research considers the potential opportunities and threats that Metaverse technology will reveal in the administrative field within the context of “digital era governance” (DEG). Furthermore, the concept of “Metaverse governance” and its various components and research agenda are examined in depth.The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the implications of the Metaverse on public policy and administration and to identify potential solutions to the challenges posed by this technology.The findings of the research showed that along with the progress of Metaverse, governments should develop strategies and policies for research and infrastructure strengthening, and cooperation with private sector and have agile legal standards

The subject of this study is restructuring of the public administration system of Turkey for joining the European Union. Reforms in the public administration system of Turkey was always attentive to be in accordance with the policies and principles of the public administration system of European Union. In this study the plans and policies of public administration system of European Union are analyzed first, and then some suggestions and solutions are presented to improve the public administration system of Turkey.Moreover, the necessity of reforms are being referred by emphasizing on the positive and negative aspects of this system, in contemporary level of common laws and principles.